Should Chinas Human Rights Record Prevent Permanen Essay Example For Students

Should Chinas Human Rights Record Prevent Permanen Essay t Normal Trade Relations Background Since the initial warming of U.S.-China relations in the early 1970s, policymakers have had difficulty balancing conflicting U.S. policy concerns in the Peoples Republic of China. From Nixon to Clinton, presidents have had to reconcile security and human rights concerns with corporations desires for expanded economic relations between the two countries. While the U.S. regularly objects to Chinas human rights violations, the Chinese government counters with complaints that the American concerns represent unwarranted American intrusion into its internal affairs. In 1989 the Tiananmen Square massacre drew public attention to the inconsistent character of U.S. -China policy. A wave of public indignation with Chinas repressive practices forced the Bush administration to adopt a sterner posture toward human rights violations and to impose sanctions, including restrictions on bilateral and multilateral aid. But these measures have not satisfied some critics of Chinas human rights practices, who contend that the U.S. should apply even more rigid trade restrictions against China. Specifically, some critics insist that the U. S. government not give China permanent normal trade relations status, which would free Chinas government from an annual review of its human rights record by Congress. Many critics say PNTR standing should be linked to improvements in Chinas human and labor rights practices a policy that has been rejected by the Clinton administration. Rather than denying China normal trading status because of human rights violations, the Clinton administration has opted for a policy of comprehensive engagement, which holds that long-term U.S. goals such as human rights improvement are more likely to be achieved through sustained contact and open trading than by further isolating China. Yet Chinese human rights practices, including respect for political and labor rights, continue to fall well below internationally accepted standards. In perhaps the stickiest issue, the White House warned last week that there was little chance of PNTR for China without legislation setting up a watchdog commission to monitor Beijings human rights practices. China, however opposes any plans by the U.S. to monitor human rights as a condition to granting PNTR. American businesses should not be coddled at the expense of human rights. Despite expressions of concern for human rights conditions, the U.S. government has allowed narrow economic interests, particularly those of corporate investors, to guide its China policy. So far, the U.S. government has been unwilling to jeopardize U. S. economic relations by adopting stricter human rights conditions on aid and trade. Chinas trade status is currently reviewed annually by Congress. By establishing permanent normal trade relations and doing away with the annual vote, the U.S. will give up its leverage over Chinas human rights policies. Permanent normal relations should not be granted until long-term progress is made on human rights in China. The United States government has no authority to sit in judgment on the human rights records of other governments, especially given the U.S. governments own complicity in some human rights violations in foreign lands. You dont have to embrace a government or its policies to engage in trade. If trade were a beauty contest, wed trade only with a small group of nations that mirror our own society, and would be in a virtual cold war with the rest. Furthermore, U.S. imposed trade barriers are unlikely to change the policies of Chinas communist leaders. The most powerful force for labor, human rights, and the environment is economic liberalization and global market forces. Growth and rising income give workers the chance to improve their lives. In 1994 President Clinton officially delinked trade and human rights in China. .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 , .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 .postImageUrl , .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 , .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1:hover , .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1:visited , .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1:active { border:0!important; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1:active , .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1 .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud66f99b9ec1545630b177794368ffac1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Day to Rejoice Essay According to Human Rights Watch, every year since delinkage, human rights conditions in China have gotten worse. According to Amnesty Internationals 1999 China Report: Hundreds, possibly thousands, of activists and suspected opponents of the government were detained during the year. Thousands of political prisoners jailed in previous years remained imprisoned. Some had been sentenced after unfair trials, others were still held without charge or trial. .. .Torture and ill-treatment remained endemic, in some cases resulting in death. According to the U.S. State Departments 1998 China Human Rights Report: The Government continued to commit widespread and well-documented human rights abuses, in violation of internationally accepted norms. . .Abuses included instances of extrajudicial killings, torture, and mistreatment of .

What is Actually Happening with Westport Continuing Education College Essay Writing

What is Actually Happening with Westport Continuing Education College Essay Writing The 30-Second Trick for Westport Continuing Education College Essay Writing Do not be scared to write about something you think is somewhat different. College-level writing, educators appear to agree, isn't a particular point or an end objective. You don't need to receive it right the very first moment! Indeed, spending time on writing an outline offers you a chance to save a great deal whilst writing. New Questions About Westport Continuing Education College Essay Writing Write all you expect your paper should contain, even in the event you've already found some sources you'd like to use, you can upload them as well. They all are specialized in various fields, and we always understand who will write the ideal paper you want. Formatting the essay Formatting is a quite effective technique which may increase the duration of your assignment. Change the margins Another technique which can be a pplied to a word document is the usage of options to modify the margins of the webpage. What About Westport Continuing Education College Essay Writing? You have to help your children to understand money and the way it works. Some reasons are for increased knowledge or far better job opportunities. Folks who didn't have college educations were going and obtaining a degree. Also, acquiring a college education results in better paying jobs, more benefits, pensions, and the capacity to move up in your career. Things You Should Know About Westport Continuing Education College Essay Writing Just as in a work interview, enthusiasm and a simple understanding of the institution may not be overstated with regard to importance. Therefore, the worth of a university education means something different to every individual. Since every pupil is eligible for an equal opportunity to be effective in research studies. And the last rationale is that a student isn't interested in a specific e ndeavor. Get your odds of specialist essay is tough. These tips should help your essay stick out. The tips would be beneficial even when you are laymen within this genre. On the other hand, the good thing is that a college essay is in fact a superb chance to play with structure just a little bit and break free from the five-paragraph essay. The important fact to learn about your audience (and yes, you're writing for a particular audience, and it doesn't include Grandma) is they're bored. Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. The point is extremely crucial in writing college application essays, you can also learn about writing a thriving college application essay to learn more. You ought to have a plan, an established structure, once you are writing an essay. According to any instructor, the number of your work can never beat the caliber of work that you've written. All experts have many preferable spheres to work in, therefore there is not any need to fret about their expertise they are aware of what they are doing. On the way, the project resulted in the growth of collaborative professional liaisons, higher school writing centers, portfolio assessment tactics, and a multitude of teaching strategies. Hints of these strategies for college knowledge. A Secret Weapon for Westport Continuing Education College Essay Writing Following that, you're take a peek at phrases and clauses, in addition to parallelism, coordination, and subordination. A standard application essay is described as college admission essay, which is requested to write when you're trying for any admission practice. It isn't possible to acomplish academic tasks pertaining until or unless you know of essay formats. Please get in touch with me for more details. There are a couple schools that have developed their university colleges for certain purposes. When you have rewritten your very first draft, you might wish to give it a try on your loved ones, friends, English teacher, or college counselor. There are several reasons to value a college education. Westport Continuing Education offers a kind of summer courses geared towards acquiring a particular skill. Your reader is more inclined to drop the idea in a le ngthy sentence. Humor and irony will allow it to be a lot easier for your reader to process the info, giving a chance to have a quick break for the brain and relax a little. Now you've caught the interest of the reader via your introduction, you ought to be in a position to sustain the reader's interest and curiosity by thinking up an excellent body for your college admission essay. You can begin your college essay format with a distinctive introductory line or question that will stick with the reader's mind. 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Tips on How to Write College Papers

Tips on How to Write College PapersIf you're looking for tips on writing papers, then you've come to the right place. This article will take a closer look at some of the best tips on how to make your college papers memorable and interesting.College papers are a great way to express yourself and give your classmates or professors something new to read in class. They also give the professor an idea about what you've done in other areas of life. Many students write papers that they want to read in class or get the professor to ask them for feedback on their work.When it comes to how to write a paper, many people are unsure of what should be included, and what should be left out. The most important thing is to make sure you use the proper definition of the word college papers when you're writing it. Otherwise, you'll have no idea whether or not it's really a college paper or a child's creation.Papers can vary in length, but they all need to be around two hundred words. Try to make each p aper work towards your goal of telling a story. Make sure to include specific details in your definition of college papers to avoid confusion in your writing.For example, if you're going to tell your professor about a dog, then don't write about a pet you adopted. You'll end up having a difficult time explaining how you feel about the dog and how much you loved it.Writing papers to help you understand something important will help you have a better understanding of the concept you're trying to explain. Writing papers to make an argument for why something is true is not only important but it will also make your paper unique. Trying to make your paper seem like a study is important, so don't write down everything you can think of.Making notes is the most effective way to write papers, as well as check that you haven't misspelled anything when you're writing them. It's very easy to make mistakes with this process, so make sure you double check before you post it up for review. Doing th is will ensure that your paper has the best chance of being read by others.Writing your papers is important, but using the proper definition of college papers is more important than the actual writing itself. Try to focus on how your writing is different from others you've seen before, and whether or not you're telling the story correctly. Once you know that, then you can move on to writing the actual paper.

Writing a College Application Essay or Writing Sample

Writing a College Application Essay or Writing SampleWriting a College Application Essay or Writing Sample is a skill that should be mastered and developed as a student matures. After all, this is your chance to get noticed. You want to stand out and make a good impression. You also want to know that if the university you are applying to be a selective one they will take into consideration your work ethic, character, experience, and extracurricular activities.In my opinion, the best essay or writing sample for this purpose is a college application essay. This is because the admissions department looks for extracurricular activities and positive academic accomplishments as well as your personal statement and essays written by family members and teachers. Additionally, a college application essay is an opportunity to show a person a side of yourself that you have not shown in previous essays. It is a chance to add a personal touch and allow them to see that you can be an asset to their institution and their program.With that said, if you are applying to several schools then it is easier to use a college application essay to express your accomplishments from a single school. In that case, you may want to begin with writing a single letter. That way you can include all of the information required and send it to several schools simultaneously.The most important part of your writing sample or essay is your personal statement. You will want to focus on aspects of yourself that you have been doing in the past. You can show an admissions committee that you have a strong work ethic and are responsible. You can also demonstrate that you have good discipline and you keep yourself from taking risks.You can also talk about how you have benefitted from the academic program at the college or university where you are applying and that you will be a great asset to the admissions office and its curriculum. To do this, you can also give a list of specific classes or activities tha t you have participated in that helped you learn about the program and develop the skills needed to be successful. These can be examples such as club membership, extra-curricular activities, or church groups.Finally, you need to talk about your strengths and what you have done in the past that will help your application to the admissions office. For example, do you like to cook? If so, could you share an example of what you did to prepare? Explain why you are a good communicator and what are your strengths.Overall, the key to writing a college application essay or writing sample is to show that you can write and that you can connect with others in a personal way. There is no one way to apply. It takes a combination of both personal and academic skills.Remember, in addition to writing a college application essay or writing sample, you should also have a professional resume and cover letter ready to go. Your cover letter is just as important as your writing sample and it should be wri tten in a way that will grab the attention of the person reading your letter.

2020 Election - Argument Essay Topics for the Next Presidential Election

2020 Election - Argument Essay Topics for the Next Presidential ElectionThe next year should be an election year and the topic of this year's speech is argument essay topics 2020. In the current Presidential race, this year has been a wash out for Republicans and a wash out for Democrats. This is both a positive and negative, since it means that many of the popular topics have been used.If you are voting for President Obama, you are probably sick of the conservative talking points of Senator John McCain; references to 'teddy russian dictators', and so on. It may not be politically correct to make this kind of reference, but if you are voting based on who has the most experience in the office and who is most capable of taking over, this is certainly one of the more political ways to do it. On the other hand, there are many Republicans who have had very little or no chance of winning the office, and they think it is a good idea to make such political statements, especially if their opp onents think they are worth supporting. This can be a dangerous thing.If you want to get a rise out of your audience, you can add the political critique of Senator McCain and then dig into the same tired critique of 'teddy russian dictators' you heard in 2020. Even though you are covering an argument topic, you are likely to draw a reaction because your audience is tired of the same tired rhetoric. So try something different, such as the Civil War, or the Watergate Scandal, or something much more recent, and the topic will change as your audience becomes more aware of what is going on in the country.Another reason to go with an argument essay topics is that you are going to be much more specific. If you are doing a speech for a convention, or meeting with civic leaders, you can talk about issues that are very specific, instead of covering a whole set of issues which could overlap. This makes it easier to get the facts out there and to remind people of where they stand.Targument essa y topics 2020 Sometimes going with a specific topic can be a good idea. For example, in the last Presidential campaign there was an opportunity to talk about Hillary Clinton's role in Benghazi. If you were at the DNC meeting with the RNC or talking to top Republican leaders, you could talk about this and ask them about the first lady's role. But if you were just delivering a general election speech, you might have neglected this important topic, which would have been a mistake.Another good idea is to do a 'Round Up' of your speech. Just because a topic is popular does not mean that it is not important. Make sure you go over your topic at least once or twice, even if it is not in the middle of the speech.So go ahead and use 2020's argument essay topics as a starting point when you start to write your speech in the next presidential election. You are the expert on these issues, you have the most experience, and you will provide all the facts, so make sure you go into detail about the se topics.

Investigating The Characteristics Of A Filament Lamp Essay Example

Investigating The Characteristics Of A Filament Lamp Essay Aim: To investigate how the current in a component changes as the voltage is altered. Prediction: As the voltage in the filament lamp increases, more current will flow through the circuit, causing the tungsten filament to get hotter. According to Ohms law (R =V/I), the resistance in the circuit will therefore increase. Scientific Knowledge: In order to give reason for the prediction above, already proven scientific theory can be used. A number of factors can affect how the current in a component, such as a filament lamp, can change as the voltage is altered. A predominant factor is the resistance in the circuit. The resistance in a circuit can be worked out by employing Ohms law, which declares that the resistance in a wire is equal to the voltage (V) over current (I). The final answer is given in Ohms, or (?), and the results can be displayed on a line graph and a line of best fit can be drawn. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating The Characteristics Of A Filament Lamp specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating The Characteristics Of A Filament Lamp specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating The Characteristics Of A Filament Lamp specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The overall resistance in a wire can be affected, in itself, by a number of different factors. These are: i.) The length of the wire: As the length of wire increases, the total resistance in the circuit will also increase. This is because the electrons in the circuit have to get past positive ions in order to travel around the circuit. Therefore, as the length of the wire increases, the wire will contain more positive ions, and the electrons will have to pass more positive ions in order to travel around the circuit. Travelling past the positive ions causes the electrons to use up more energy just to travel around, and so the resistance shall also increase. ii.) The number of components in a circuit: Electrons require more energy to travel through components in a circuit than if they merely through just a plain wire. Therefore, the more components in a circuit, the higher the resistance will be. iii.)The cross sectional area of a wire: As the cross-sectional area of a wire increases, the resistance in the circuit will decrease. This is because there is more room in the wire for electrons to pass through, and therefore less energy is wasted as the electrons move through the circuit. iv.) Material of the wire: Some materials are better conductors of electricity than others. The better the conductor, the less resistance there will be in the wire and the easier it is for electrons to flow around the circuit. v.) Temperature of wire: As the temperature of the wire increases, the resistance in the wire also increases. Invented by Thomas Edison (1847-1931), the filament light bulb is a common feature in practically every modern home around the world. In theory the structure of a filament light bulb is quite simple. At the base of the light bulb there are two small metal contacts, which connect into a circuit. These contacts are attached to two stiff wires, which are in turn attached to a thin metal filament, hence the name filament lamp. The filament is a long thin piece of metal wire, which is coiled, and then coiled again. The filament is constructed in such a manner to make the resistance in the wire as high as possible. This is because, as the resistance in the wire increases, the filament in the lamp heats up more quickly, and therefore causing the filament to also glow more quickly. To increase the resistance in the wire, and also the temperature, the filament is made out of a metal, a good conductor of electricity, the cross-sectional area of the wire is as small as possible, in order to inc rease the resistance. Finally, the filament is coiled tightly twice so the length of the wire can be as long as possible. This is because as length of the wire increases, the resistance will also increase. The most commonly used material to manufacture the metal element out of is tungsten, chosen because of its high melting temperature. The tungsten filament sits in the middle of a bulb, held up by a glass mount, and the wires and filament are housed in a glass bulb which is filled with an inert glass, such as argon. The whole objective of a filament lamp is to pass electrical current through the tungsten filament in order to give off light. However, as well as giving off light, heat is also given off as wasted energy, which has no usage. As the voltage increases, the current flowing through the filament will also increase, meaning both more light and heat are also given off. Filament lamps are not particularly efficient as most of the energy produced is given off as heat energy, which has no use, instead of light energy. Inert gases are used in the glass bulb of a filament lamp to reduce the evaporation of the tungsten filament, which therefore greatly prolongs the life of the bulb, making it more economical. In order to investigate the characteristics of a filament lamp, a simple circuit could be set up in order to discover how much the current in the circuit changes as the voltage is altered. From these two results, Ohms law could be employed to work out the resistance. The results could then be plotted onto a number of line graphs in order to prove the prediction either correct or incorrect. If the results from an experiment involving current and voltage are plotted onto a line graph and the line of best fit forms a straight line, the current (I) is therefore proportional to the voltage (V), an indication of Ohms law. As well as being a useful method for working out the resistance in a circuit (R=V/I), Ohms law also states that the steeper a graph will be, the lower the resistance in the circuit. The flatter the graph is, the higher the resistance. A substance which produces a straight graph such like this is referred to as an Ohmic conductor. Copper wire and all other metals give this shape of graph, unless a change in temperature occurs. It is a scientifically proven fact that filament lamps are non-ohmic conductors because any results taken from experiments involving filament lamps do not produce straight lines with the values recorded. Instead, successful experiments result in the line of best fit becoming a gentle curve towards the top end of the graph. However, as it says above, the material most commonly used to manufacture filament lamps is tungsten, a metal. As the lines of best fit for all experiments involving current, voltage and metals are an indication of Ohms law, unless a change of temperature occurs. It is therefore possible to state that a change of temperature does indeed occur when a filament lamp is used in a circuit. As the voltage in a circuit is increased, more current will flow. As more current flows the metal filament will get hotter, causing the resistance to increase. This will cause the line of best fit to become flatter as the voltage increases. In order to determine which instruments and what values would be suitable to ensure that the best results possible could be obtained from the experiment, a preliminary investigation should be carried out, using potential apparatus. From these results the range of measurements needed could also be discovered. After carrying out the preliminary investigation, the best way to display the results from the main investigation itself would be to record each repeat into a simple results table, and then to work out the average current. Once the mean current has been calculated, the resistance could be also calculated. It is important to repeat the experiment a number of times, as if the experiment was only calculated once, the result would not be as accurate, and would be more likely to be anomalous. After both the mean current and the average resistance had been mathematically calculated, line graphs could be drawn and compared against the typical filament lamp graph above. In all graphs, the voltage should feature along the x axis as it is what is being controlled and changed in order to see what effect change will have on the current. A conclusion can be drawn by analysing graphs of the results recorded and comparing the graph with the typical filament lamp graph. The more similar the graphs collected from the results are to the typical filament lamp graph, the more accurate the experiment has been. However, if the graphs begin to show the shape of the filament lamp graph, yet do not fully show the shape, the investigation could be extended by taking more recordings, and drawing a new graph. The investigation could be extended further by using the same circuit to investigate a different component, such as an electric heater and seeing how the current in the heater changes as the voltage is altered. Alternatively, a different variable could be controlled, such as the number of components in a circuit, instead of the voltage. Already during the course of this academic year, I have carried out a number of experiments in class involving different components, such as diodes, although not in as much detail. The circuit diagram used in this experiment could merely be adapted from the other experiments, substituting the previous components for the filament lamp. Bibliography of Scientific Knowledge: i.) http://www.howstuffworks.com How Light Bulbs Work ii.)http://web.mit.edu/invent/www/inventorsA-H/edison.html The Scientific Career of Thomas Edison iii.)Physics For You by Keith Johnson iv.) GCSE Physics Revision Guide Published by CGP publications Variables: i.) Cross-sectional area of the filament ii.) Material type of the filament iii.) Length of the filament iv.) Voltage flowing through the circuit *NB: As the voltage is increased during the course of the investigation, more current will flow through the wire, causing the temperature to increase. It is already known that temperature affects the resistance in a circuit, yet, it cannot be controlled as a variable because the filament glows, giving off light and heat as energy, as it reaches a high temperature. Therefore, if the temperature was controlled as part of fair testing, the filament would not glow, and there would be no experiment! Chosen Variable: Voltage, as it can be easily controlled and accurately changed and measured, thus giving a conclusive range of results, and values which can be plotted easily onto a graph. Apparatus: Filament Lamp DC Power Supply Ammeter Voltmeter Wires Circuit Diagram: Fair Testing and Safety: In order to make the results acquired as accurate as possible, each voltage should be repeated three times, and the mean average of these three should be taken as the final reading. This would increase accuracy. The same pieces of apparatus should be used for each repeat, as even a slight variation in a piece of the apparatus such as the length of one wire may change the resistance in the circuit. Although the internal temperature in the filament lamp will increase as a indirect result of the voltage in the circuit being increased, the external temperature should be kept as consistent as possible. This is because the external temperature may affect the temperature of the wire, causing the electrons to gain more energy. All typical safety rules for lab work should be followed. These include no running whilst experiments are in progress, hair tied back, jewellery tucked away and carrying out all experiments on benches clear of school books and standing up with stools tucked under benches. Also, as the voltage is increased more current flows through the circuit. As this happens, it is extremely likely that the apparatus shall become hot, so particular care should be taken whilst handling it. In order to protect the benches, any apparatus which is likely to become hot should be placed on a heatproof mat. Preliminary Measurements: To get an idea of what range of measurements would get the best results, a circuit was set up using all of the apparatus which would be included in the final experiment. The preliminary investigation was also useful to discover whether I would prefer to use analogue meters or digital meters in the final experiment. After increasing the DC voltage by different ranges each time, using both types of meters, I concluded that it would be best to start from 0.5V and to finish at 6V, increasing in steps of 0.5V each time. This would give me quite an extensive range of numerical results. After this range had been repeated two more times, I could work out the mean current, and from the mean current I could work out the average resistance. Once I had discovered the average resistance, I could plot this value on the graph. When all the values had been plotted on the graph, a line of best fit could be drawn. By using both the meters in the preliminary measurements, I decided to work with the digital meters in order to measure the voltage. This was because I felt that it was easier to read accurately the voltage on the meter than with the analogue meters. On the analogue meters the needle kept moving around quickly, and did not seem to stabilize on one single value. Number of Repeats: 2 (three in total) Number of Measurements: 36 in total Range of Measurements: 0.5V 6.0V (12 individual measurements per repeat) Method: The circuit diagram mentioned above was set up using the specified apparatus. The fair test and safety requirements were strictly followed. The voltage was increased from 0.5V to 6.0V, in steps of 0.5V each time. The results gained were recorded in a table, and once the voltage had been increased up to 6V, the experiment was repeated twice more. Once all the required values had been gained, the three separate results for each voltage were added together and divided by three, in order to find the average current. Once this had been discovered, Ohms law (R=V/I) was employed to work out the resistance in ?. This mathematical process was repeated for each of the voltages. These values were then plotted onto a line graph with intention of discovering if the experiment followed the general trend of graphs involving filament lamps not being straight lines, therefore making them non-ohmic conductors. After graphs had been plotted showing the relationship between voltage and current, the graphs were analysed and any anomalous results were accounted for. The graphs then were used in order to draw a conclusion and to help explain how the current in the lamp changed as the voltage was altered. Results: Voltage (V) Current (I) 1st Repeat Current (I) 2nd Repeat Current (I) 3rd Repeat Average Current (I) Average Resistance ? 0.5 0.51 0.60 0.57 0.56 0.89 1.0 0.63 0.69 0.68 0.67 1.49 1.5 0.70 0.77 0.75 0.74 2.03 2.0 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.81 2.47 2.5 0.87 0.90 0.88 0.88 2.84 3.0 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 3.16 3.5 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.00 3.50 4.0 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.06 3.77 4.5 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.11 4.05 5.0 1.15 1.18 1.17 1.17 4.27 5.5 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.21 4.55 6.0 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.26 4.76 For each different voltage, the three current repeats were added together and then divided by three to calculate mathematically an average current. From these results, a line graph was plotted using the voltage (V) and the average current (I), in order to discover how the average current in the circuit changed as the voltage was increased. There were no anomalous results present on the graph, which is an indication that the test was carried out fairly and accurately. However, the line of best fit only began to curve slightly towards the end of the results, and therefore was starting to show that the filament lamp in an non-ohmic conductor. I then decided to extend the range of results until 10.0V, again taking three repeats of the current. In order to continue ensuring that the test was indeed fair, I used the same equipment as I did for the first part of the results. I followed the safety and fair testing requirements as strictly as before. Results (Part ii): Voltage (V) Current (I) 1st Repeat Current (I) 2nd Repeat Current (I) 3rd Repeat Average Current (I) Average Resistance ? 6.5 1.31 1.32 1.31 1.31 5.00 7.0 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.35 5.19 7.5 1.39 1.38 1.39 1.39 5.40 8.0 1.41 1.44 1.42 1.42 5.63 8.5 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.45 5.86 9.0 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.47 6.12 9.5 1.51 1.49 1.50 1.50 6.33 10.0 1.52 1.52 1.53 1.52 6.58 Although the aim of the investigation was to discover the relationship between voltage and current in a filament lamp, I also took the average resistance and plotted it against the voltage to show that as the voltage is increased in a circuit, the resistance will also increase, due to the change in temperature which occurs as a result of more energy flowing through the filament. Voltage (V) Resistance ? 0.5 0.89 1.0 1.49 1.5 2.03 2.0 2.47 2.5 2.84 3.0 3.16 3.5 3.50 4.0 3.77 4.5 4.05 5.0 4.27 5.5 4.55 6.0 4.76 6.5 5.00 7.0 5.19 7.5 5.40 8.0 5.63 8.5 5.86 9.0 6.12 9.5 6.33 10.0 6.58 Analysis of Results: The second line graph showing the relationship between the voltage and the average current in a filament lamp produces a curve. The curve begins very slightly at first and then gradually becomes steeper; similar to the one of x2 . It shows that as the voltage was increased, the current that was flowing through the wire also increased. There were no identifiable anomalous results in either of the two graphs showing the voltage/current relationship. The line graph showing the relationship between the voltage and the average resistance in the filament lamp also produces a curve extremely similar to that of the line graph showing the relationship between the voltage and the average current. There is only one identifiable anomalous result on the voltage/average resistance graph at 7.0V. This is most likely to be down to human error when recording the results either during the experiment or when plotting the graph. It may have also been a mistake made when calculating the average resistance, but as I checked all the resistances three times, this scenario is less likely. Conclusion: From the results recorded and the line graphs produced of the results, I feel that I have proved my prediction from the beginning of the investigation correct. The results turned out as I expected, because they show that the filament lamp was indeed a non-ohmic conductor. This is because as the chosen variable of voltage was increased, more current flowed through the circuit, yet it did not obey Ohms law (R=V/I) because the voltage was not directly proportional to the current, causing the line of best fit to curve. All graphs drawn from the results values were similar to the typical non-ohmic conductor sketch graph I included in the scientific knowledge. As the both the voltage and the current in the circuit were increased, the temperature also increased. This was also reflected on the line graphs as it is already accepted that the higher the temperature is in a circuit, the higher the resistance will be. It is already widely scientific knowledge that Ohms law also states that the steeper the line of best fit is in a graph such as this one, the lower the resistance will be in a circuit and the flatter the line of best fit, the higher the resistance. Therefore, as the voltage increased, the line began to curve and become flatter, because of the higher temperature, and higher resistance, in the circuit. Evaluation: As the aim of the investigation was fulfilled, and my prediction was proved correct, I feel that it was successful. I also think that the results were accurate enough to prove the hypothesis correct, as the measures taken to ensure that the results were taken under entirely fair conditions were strict. I also think that the results are reliable because the experiment was repeated three times and the average current was taken as the final result, which would be more accurate than taking merely the one set of results and plotting those values on the graph. The results were taken within one double period in the laboratory, allowing my group to use the same equipment for each repeat. When it was discovered that the first set of results only began to show the curve, the circuit was fortunately still set up, allowing us to continue from where we left off. However, this is the only part of the investigation where the fair testing was slightly lax, as the filament lamp had had a chance to cool down when we started to continue the experiment, meaning that the resistance in the circuit would probably have decreased slightly. With hindsight, I should have drawn graphs using the preliminary results, which would have shown that the values only started to curve. We would have then known to continue to 10V without stopping for a while at 6V. Out of the three line graphs I drew from the final results, there was only one identifiable anomalous result, in the graph showing the relationship between the voltage and the average resistance in the lamp. However, as it only just did not fit in with the line of best fit it may have been down to human error whilst reading from the ammeter, or whilst it was plotted onto the graph. It is relatively easy to make such a mistake when recording results because there are so many to read from the ammeter, and it fluctuates rapidly before settling on a final result. By choosing to use digital ammeters rather than analogue ammeters, I feel I decreased the chance of human error as it is easier to read a LCD screen which fluctuates rather than a swinging needle. Human error could also be reduced by being allowed to take more time over the experiment; more repetitions of the results would make anomalies more obvious and increase the reliability of the results further. This investigation could be extended by choosing to look at other variables which would affect the rate of resistance, such as the material which the wire is made from, the cross-sectional area of the wire, the number of components in the circuit, or the length of the wire. A different component, such as an electrical heater, could also be investigated with the variable of voltage.

French Trains Vocabulary - Prendre le Train En France

French Trains Vocabulary - Prendre le Train En France Taking the train is a fast, often comfortable and relatively cheap way to travel in France. Yes, there are strikes, but not all the time, and all in all, taking the train is quite reliable. I will be writing several lessons on this subject: tips to feel prepared when you travel by train, easy learn French in context story with English/French side by side translations  and even a useful questions and answers lessons. So make sure you subscribe to my newsletter to get informed of new releases. Un voyageur – a travelerLa gare – the station (watch out for the pronunciation – gAr, not gayr which is â€Å"la guerre: war)Un billet – a ticketUn guichet – a boothUne salle d’attente – waiting areaUn panneau d’information – information displayLe dà ©part – departureL’arrivà ©e - arrivalsLa seconde classe, la premià ¨re classe – 2nd  and 1st  classUn aller simple – one wayUn aller-retour – round tripUne place (assise) – a seatUne place duo – 2 seats next to each otherUn carrà © – 4 seats, separated in 2 rows facing each otherUne rà ©servation – bookingVoyager dans le sens du train – to be facing towards where the train is goingUn billet remboursable – refundable ticketUn billet à ©changeable – exchangeable ticketUn train direct – direct trainUne correspondance – transferUn changement – transferLe quai †“ the platformLe passage souterrain – the underground passLe rail, la voie – the track (rail is pronounced like rye in English)La voiture, le wagon (v sound) – the carLe bar – the snack carUn contrà ´leur – a controller Follow these links for more of my taking the train in France related articles: -  Master Train Announcements in French-  Lets Take the Train Together - Bilingual French English Story