Early Marriage Essay

1. Introduction Marri period, as a underlying social and cultural institution and as the most common milieu for kick and rearing children, profoundly shapes inner behaviours and practices. It is requisite that primal conjugal union ceremony is a polemic yet hot topic that gets the attendance of the professionals across many fields such as economy, psychology and sociology. The age at first marriage variegates across the globe. macrocosm married before the age of 18 has been a social average in third world countries refer to appendage A.The trigger off of women being married before age 8 is estimated from 20 to 50 pct in average in evolution countries Ooyce, et al. , 2001). But then, developed countries are supposed(prenominal) to experience the resembling pattern of matrimony. The marital married couple is normally delayed too massive although this practise is believed to bring the most probable reason for the breakdown in sexual ethics (Orsi, 2001). Out of its wea lth and egoistic, westbound conjunction chooses to marry later in life until they have built a decent maturity in age, command and financial state.As early marriage is widely practiced in ontogenesis countries, a global issue has locomote as to whether early marriage does authentically hinder self study due to the consequences it brings to young girls. The practice is believed to bring some(prenominal) benefits to some extent. However, the adverse effects it brings abide impede the self- development of young adolescences in many aspects including health consequences, character create and education as healthful as career opportunities. 1. 2 Purpose of investigate The main purpose of this research is to abide by students opinion about early marriage.Do they agree with early marriage or not. The second determination is to know hether early marriage brings either benefits or harms to students. steady though early marriage is already becoming a social norm in the third wor ld countries refer to Appendix A the society still does not richly aware of this phenomenon. Thus the third goal of this research is to increase the awareness of the society regarding early marriage. 1. 3 Method of research For the purpose of this research, relevant information was obtained from profits and books.This report is divided into several split such as background information, factors that pencil lead to early marriage, advantages and disadvantages of early marriage, s well as either early marriage can impede self development of young adolescence or not. A rophy of questionnaire will be distributed to 35 surface-to-air missile student of INTI as it is the best measuring stick scale to gain peoples response without anyone sitting on the circumvent (Faculty Senate Advancement of Teaching (AOT) Committee, 2004). An interview in like manner will be conducted as part of the research techniques

'Key Success Factors of fast food Essay\r'

'Success in the fast intellectual nourishment indus tense requires triumph of different key competitive factors. fast viands entrepreneurs must emphasize on cr feed ining strong chump, improving operation efficiency, change magnitude speed and convenience. By paying wariness and investing more on these elements of the contrast they stinker strengthen their competitive ready in the market and make proceeds Branding\r\nKFC, Republic of Korea’s Lotteria, Jollibee atomic number 18 examples of extremely successful fast fodder dishonoring. Their signs, logos and slogans ar recognizable nigh the world. Customers of fast nutriment want to hunch over exactly what they argon spill to overhear before they actually come experience. Businesses try to provide consistent, easily recognizable and unbiased branding to reassure customers that no smoothg has changed. simplex slogans that lodge themselves in the brain are repeated endlessly on goggle box and radio comme rcializeds, ensuring that when customers see the fast nutrition outlet, they are primed to respond because the brand is already â€Å"inside” of them. Ranking brand names of fast food is showed on the Appendix A However, that is also the antecedent that makes home(prenominal) fast food traffic in Vietnam hard to compete and potently develop.\r\nKinh Do, Hy Lam Mon, Duc Phat, VietMac and the ABC that pee-pee not recognized brand names have m any(prenominal) obstacle in domestic market. Pomchai thuratum †the manager of KFC in Vietnam said â€Å"I don’t think that multinational fast food is better than Vietnamese food but I’m sure that customers come with us because of brand. seance in Vietnam and eating Ameri ass food. We are better because of our marketing campaign going along with brand”. (taichinh.vnexpress.net) Location\r\nChoosing localization of function is very important. It should be in places that are easy to be identified analogous high-traffic areas to be convenient for buyers to come. ready food isn’t considered a destination; customers win’t travel into the countryside for a dish of fries in the same steering that they would for a special restaurant experience. By locating outlets in shopping malls and on busy commercial strips, fast food companies gain business and impulse purchases from customers who had no preplanned patronage of the restaurant. It is easy to find any fast food restaurants in openhanded cities, supermarkets in Vietnam such as in Diamond Plaza, Parkson; ZenPlaza, Co-op Mart, Maximart, Big C and Metro. And fast food restaurants are unfastened more and more.\r\nAfter nearly 15 years of operating in Viet Nam, KFC has undefended nearly 130 stores. Lotteria is also on the race with more than 120 stores. Lotteria has also made changes to catch up with the spick-and-span habits of local clientele. They are opening stores that have large spaces and installing computers that have accession to the internet. Pizza Hut now has 26 stores, located in Vietnam. ( vietnamnews.vn) Speed\r\nNowadays, in the developing-country as Vietnam, large number are ever so busy with their work, their children, so they don’t much time for preparing traditional meals and so prompt food is their best choice. check to a survey, 36 % people akin fast food because it saves their time (Tieu luan Fast food). Of course, as its name, fast food constancy strongly focus on deliverance food as quick as possible and this makes customers satisfied with this kind of service. oscilloscope up efficient and standardized kitchens and focusing on foods that can be cooked speedily are two of the ways that McDonald’s became so successful in this competitive industry, according to Business Week. Many people grab fast food on the way to work or to some otherwise destination. With people who work in office, former(prenominal) they have no time to go out for a lunch. They can eat fast food in their office. With students, they can use fast food in their school, in their break- time with their friends. Efficiency\r\nFast food restaurants run on thin profit margins and make their money by selling lots of product, In this commercial environment, functioning efficiently is critical. This means minimizing food waste, hiring help at minimum absorb and benefiting from economies of scale when purchasing supplies. Every horse that is unnecessarily spent on trading operations is a dollar subtracted from profits. Because of high employee swage in the industry, training for new employees guide to be standardized, rapid and effective. Speed is some other reason that fast food is considered as a efficient industry. The faster a restaurant can deliver the enjoin food, the more labor costs they can save and the more space for other customers.\r\nâ€Å"Fast food market heats up” http://vietnamnews.vn/Economy/231760/boom-time-for-foreign-fast-food.html 20 09 â€Å"Tieu luan Fast food”, 2011 http://www.kilobooks.com/ move/12981-Fast-food\r\nJagg Xaxx, Demand Media Key Elements of Success in the Fast Food Industry http://smallbusiness.chron.com/key-elements-success-fast-food-industry-24913.html\r\nhttp://taichinh.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/the-gioi/2012/12/kfc-lotteria-jollibee-chiem-linh-thi-truong-fastfood-viet-26006/\r\n'

'Code Switching\r'

'Urdu- side of meat Code-Switching: The Use of Urdu Phrases and Cla delectations In Pakistani slope (A Non- congenital Variety) Abstract This theme presents an analysis of Urdu- incline code- shimmy in Pakistani side of meat. withal, entropy has been analysed yet at the musical style and article aim. Based on the empirical data from Pakistani position peeleds pennings and magazines, this paper aims to show that code- permutation is none a grammarless phe at presentork forceon kinda it is ruled governed activity at the sound out and article direct. It in addition presents the plan overview of the social occasion of position as a non-native gay system.This paper suggests that variations and changes in a address atomic matter 18 an integral part of bilingualism and multilingualism. either the present data shows that the overtakerences of diverse Urdu vocabularys and articles cut down no ungrammatical effect on the construction of side of meat syntax. Key lyric poem: Bilingualism, code-switching, non-native varieties of slope Introduction This paper centres on the variations in the side passwording collectible to Urdu-side code-switching in Pakistan and in like manner shows the evidentiary situation of the Urdu actors line in the formation of Pakistani position.Only those syntactic singularitys that ar strand as a psyche of code-switching overhear been discussed. Mahboob (2003) set ahead diverse phonological and grammatical aspects of Pakistani position, which ar preferably contrastive from metre British face. But in this paper, further that data has been interpreted into account whither Urdu set phrases and articles bind been utilise. This paper is gratifyed in describing different aspects of linguistic process change in incline when utilize in a non-native place setting i. e. Pakistan.First and fore near, ‘a enormous deal of interest has been generated in the side of meat lyric as a re sult of its spread nearly the world and its use as an unknown language (Cheshire 1991:7). Now-a-days face has become a global language. Ac stacking to Bamgbose, (2001:357) side of meat is recognised as the dominating language in the world as globalisation comes to be univers onlyy accepted in governmental and academic intercourse. The development of ‘globalisation’ has been associated with the pronouncement of the position language (Bottery 2000:6). face is apply solely over the world by mavin million million millions of native and non-native discour waitrs because of its dominant position. According to Crystal (2003:65), at that place be approximately 430 million L2 users and 330 million L1 users. So the non-native speakers use incline to a greater extent than the natives stars. However, these figures exclude learners of side, and Crystal suggests on that auspicate whitethorn be as many as one billion of them. Being an internationalist language, it is employ al nearly in all the countries of the world. When population asteriskted using side of meat in non-native context of uses because of its growing popularity, it developed as a transplanted language.According to Kachru (1986:30): ‘A language whitethorn be considered transplanted if it is utilise by a signifi firet numbers of speakers in social, cultural and geographic contexts different from the contexts in which it was originally employ……….. a transplanted language is cut off- keystone from its traditional roots and begins to function in juvenile surroundings, in new roles and new contexts’. Non-native Varieties of position Kachru (1978) was among the rootage to bring out and fix boundaries of a nativized course of slope in southmost Asia, which he terms as South Asian position (SAE).Kachru (1996) regarded SAE as an additional linguistic arm in the culture of identity. He believes that ‘nativization must be seen as the result of those productive linguistic innovations which ar determined by the situate function of a second language manakin, the culture of conversation and commutative strategies in new situations and transfer from local languages’ (Kachru 1986: 21-2). With this development, at that place was a gradual recognition and point of reference of the new and non-native varieties of side of meat, e. g. Nigerian position, Indian face, Chi finisho slope, Pakistani side, Singaporean position, Sri Lankan face etc.The term ‘ radical varieties’ of side of meat’ implies that on that point ar to a greater extent or less recognizable varieties of talk and/or written by groups of mass’. (Platt et al. 1984:2) A new variety does not develop in isolation just now it depends on the communicative needs of those who speak and write it. Such a variety is considered an intercession variety because there is a clear linguistic and cultural interference f rom the first language and culture of the users. When a language is apply in a different cultural context and social situation, several changes take place in its phonology, morphology, lexicon and syntax.A language so widely employ has its own grammatical and linguistic placement through which it conveys its distinction of meanings. These linguistic characteristics argon usually transp arnt in its bailiwick system, vocabulary and reprove construction. The non-native speakers develop a whole new range of flavour to fulfil the communicative needs. Since the user of the non-native variety is bilingual, creativity is manifested in different kinds of mixing, switching, mutation and trans world of codes. When ii languages come in clear up, it results in â€Å"inventiveness”. Bilingualism in itself is a blood of creativity in language (Talaat 2003).Such varieties are so widespread and defecate much(prenominal) a long standing ‘that they may be thought stable and equal enough to be regarded as varieties of side in their own secure rather than stages on the demeanor to a more native-like slope’ (Quirk 1983:8) Urdu- face code-switching and Pakistani side of meat incline enjoys a really prestigious emplacement in Pakistan. Its prevalence and power in Pakistan is growing in truth much. For many Pakistanis, side of meat has become not only a â€Å"practical necessity”, scarcely excessively â€Å"the language of opportunity, social prestige, power, success as well as social superiority”.Kachru (1997:227) pointed at the ‘ideological, cultural and elitist power of face’. Such power is vividly seen in Pakistan where people tend to switch from Urdu to English to create special effect. Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and one of the tw personal official languages of Pakistan (the separate(a) official language being English). It is the most essential language of literacy in the country. In th e hierarchy of linguistic prestige, Urdu is placed overturn only than English. In Pakistan, Urdu-English code-switching is a uncouth characteristic of educated Pakistani bilinguals. Code-switching ccurs when two languages come in contact: ‘the alternation of two languages indoors a single discourse, decry or constituent’ (Poplack 1980:581). This sociolinguistic phenomenon rents a great contribution in the creation of new and non-native varieties of English. When two languages come into contact, not only the phonological features but lexical items and syntactic patterns also manage to dawn across from one language to another. English is used in Pakistan in a non-native context. contrasting changes great deal be discover in its phonology, vocabulary, and grammar and now it is recognized as a distinct variety of English i. . Pakistani English. Non-native varieties of English are an classical aspect of language change and these varieties defy emerged because of c ode-switching and code-mixing. According to Trudgill (1986: 1), ‘the languages that are in contact with each other socially may become changed linguistically, as a result of being in contact psychologically, in the competence of individual speaker’. Pakistani English has assumed a linguistic and cultural identity of its own. This identity manifests itself end-to-end the language at the word level, the phrase level and the sentence level.It is the natural consequent of its regular contact with the Urdu language. A ample number of borrowings from Urdu and the regional languages of Pakistan spend a penny entered in Pakistani English (Baumgardner 1993). Certain lexical items may show a gaolbreak from their original Standard British English usage to Urduized meaning (Talaat 1993). In resemblance with the borrowing in syntax and morphology, lexical items have the broad(prenominal)est ease of borrowing and attend most seeming to occur (Brutt-Griffler, 2002; Ro chief(p renominal)e, 1995).Such a vocabulary items in all the new varieties of English are largely wasted from the areas that are signifi female genital organtly different to the geo-social-cultural context of British English (Fernado 2003). As, no accepted study on Urdu-English code-switching at the level of the phrase and clause is available, this paper is likely to bridge the gap. The code-switching data in this paper focuses on the use of Urdu phrases and clauses in the English language and shows that its circumstance imposes no ungrammatical effect on the social system of English syntax.The data has been collected from the undermentioned printed Pakistani English newspaper and magazines: 1. Dawn (daily) (Lahore) 2. enjoin (monthly) (Karachi) 3. Mag (weekly) (Karachi) In this paper, code-switching is divided into two categories. They are inter-sentential switching, that is switching from one language to another at a sentence boundary, and intra-sentential code-switching, or c ode-mixing when the switch takes place within one sentence. In the pursuance plane fraction, we entrust analyse the intra-sentential code-switching in Pakistani English at the level of phrase.Phrasal insertions A phrase is a group of haggle, which does not consider a complete horse sense. Formally a phrase is defined as a syntactic grammatical construction that has syntactic properties derived from its stage (Mahajan 2001). Basic phrase structure is a universal feature of all human languages. The Urdu language is not different from English as far as the structure of phrase is concerned. There are a fair number of Urdu multi-word switches in this section that are either two word or three word phrases occurring in the English clause or sentence.The designing is to introduce the position of various Urdu phrases inserted in English syntax. round researchers suggest that switches that are larger than one word are â€Å" straightforward code-switches” but one-word switch es are borrowings. However, it is not within the goals of this paper to distinguish code-switches from borrowings. In this section, we lead analyze the occurrence of various NPs, Adj Ps and PPs in the English sentences. Since phrase insertion is always a heterogeneous kind of switching, it demands a high dot of proficiency and accuracy from the bilinguals involved in code-switching.Noun phrase A noun phrase is a word or group of words, which acts as the posit, complement or object of a clause, or as the object of a preposition. A noun phrase always has an prerequisite head noun and optional modifier and qualifier. (m) H (q) For lawsuit in the Urdu phrase ‘ mera bhai apaney dostoon key saath’, (my buddy with his friends) mera is the modifier of the head noun ‘bhai’ piece Urdu postpositional phrase ‘dostoon key saath’ is qualifying the head noun. The structure of Urdu noun phrases used in Pakistani English is actually diverse. here are many examples of the use of the Urdu noun phrases occurring as the subject of the English verbs: 1. A poor hari (the farmer) give the gate be sent to the gallows stock-still on the soft accusation of a crime leveled against him by a noble. (March 27, 2007 D) 2. An honorable sardar or wadera (the landlord or chief) can walk free til now after proven record of the most heinous kinds of against crimes him. (March 27, 2007 D) 3. They alleged that the naib nazim (the vice municipal officer) was receiving threats to force him to part ways with the PPP-backed Awam Dost panel. (March 04, 2007 D)In the first two examples, the English adjectives are modifying the English nouns in a noun phrase succession in the third example some(prenominal)(prenominal) the adjective and noun are from the Urdu language. totally the noun phrases have the English determiners ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ respectively in the beginning of the sentences. Urdu noun phrase as an collocation of another noun It is very arouse to tune the use of an Urdu noun phrase as collocation in Pakistani English. ‘Apposition’ performer the placing of a noun group after a noun or pronoun in order to identify some liaison or someone or gain more information well-nigh them.In the succeeding(a) example, we can see the use of an Urdu noun phrase as an apposition of another noun. hither the Urdu noun phrase is giving information about the proper noun ‘Haji Ramzan’. 1. Five militants who attempt to kidnap tehsil municipal officer Hameedullah on October 8 were forced to give up their hostage after Haji Ramzan, the tehsil naib nazim (the city vice municipal officer), and his men confronted them on the principal(prenominal) Tank-Jandola road. (November 2006 H) Urdu phrase introduced by an English adverb: In the examples below, the English intercourse adverb â€Å"as” introduces the Urdu stretches of words implant in English.This casefu l of switching is very obsolescent and demands high proficiency. 1. Amjad considered her as ustad se ziyada dost (friend rather than teacher). (January 22, 2006 D) 2. And an aged friend of hers, a female writer, was so infuriated on being referred to as a ‘Cycle wali larki’ (female cyclist) that she broke traffic with her for good. (March 25, 2007 D) 3. According to one of them, they were not shunned by the public as lula, langra and apahaj (lame and paralyzed). (December 04, 2005 D) 4. What was sworn upon yesterday as guiding principle lead be chucked at the altar of receipts tomorrow as mere siyasi bayan (political statement). January 22, 2006 D) genitive case case phrases In Urdu, genitives are indicated with ka/ke/ke as a morph-word. The choice of these words depends on gender, number and case ending of the head noun. However, the English word ‘of’ is uniform to all these. The genitive or possessive form of Urdu noun takes different positions in English syntax and imposes no ungrammatical effect in the construction. In the following examples, the Urdu noun phrases are used as the complement of an English verb of unelaborated request and occurring at the end of the sentence.The Urdu noun phrase begins with the English determiner ‘an’ in the first example. 1. Atif Amin feels â€Å"its true that to some extend visiting therapists is an ameeron ka nakhra. (arrogance of the rich) (July 31, 2005 D) 2. The conversational phrase used for this punishment was kala ki saza. (severe punishment) (July 24, 2005 D) In some cases the Urdu noun phrase is used as the subject of the English syntax. In example 2 the Urdu noun phrase begins with English determiner ‘the’. 1. 1. â€Å"Logon ki samajh” (understanding of the people) is all he has to say about the societys position towards dance. January 12, 2006 D) 2. The capital of Pakistan ka muqadas darakht (Holy tree of Islamabad) revolved around a popular Banyan tree that stood in sector E-7 but was a few months back burned down. (May 21, 2006 D) 3. Promptly can the reply from Fateh Muhammad Mailk, who argued that kufar ka fatwa (Infidelity claim) is nothing new with us. (May 21, 2006 D) Sometimes, the Urdu noun phrases are also inserted in the middle of the English syntax. In the following examples, we can see the use of the Urdu noun phrases as the complement of an English verb. 1.Publications have just become catalogues and designers have become shadi ka jora mills (Wedding cloth house), not aiming to produce ethereal pieces any more. (September 25, 2005 D) 2. Rohit also revived the age-old warak ka kaam (work of silver aureate leaf) once used for mughal royalty. (January 22, 2005 D) 3. Naturally they bathed themselves aright after every hug as the grandma had a smell of sarson ka tel (mustard’oil) and desi goo all over here. (July 31, 2005 D) 4. I am thrilled to see a kind jurao ka set (precious Ornament) that Presiden t Ayub Khan presented her when she visited Pakistan in the 1960s. March 25, 2007) In the example 3 the double genitive has been used with English mixed in a noun phrase. adjectival Phrase A word or a group of words that does the work of an adjective is called an adjective phrase. Adjective phrases are usually formed from an intensifier that is optional, followed by the head (H) that is often an adjective In Pakistani English, Urdu adjective phrases may occur as a predicate adjective or inside the noun phrase. In the examples below, an Urdu adjective phrase has been inserted in the English sentence. 1. He is called sher ka bacha (bashful, brave) and mard ka bacha (high minded). January 08, 06 D) In the higher up example, Urdu evaluative metaphors that mull Pakistani social customs, localized attitude and behavior have been used in English syntax. In a exemplary Pakistani context, a person having great courage and with a keen sense of honor is termed as ‘sher ka bachaâ€⠄¢ (lion’s child). In the following example the English intensifier ‘very’ has been used with an Urdu adjective. This kind of code-switching is very rare. 2. Their response, ‘ I think you are right madam,’ say a young man, city life and modern education makes men very beghairat (dishonorable) (November 2006 H)In the examples given below, the Urdu adjective phrases are modifying the English nouns in the noun phrases. 3. It was a taiz raftar (very speedy) autobus and I merely sat on it as well. (February 26, 2005 D) 4. The 60-minutes interview was largely spend in advocate Bukhari name dropping, construction he grew up with the lordships of the Superior solicit and what payare insaan (lovely men) they are. (March 18, 2007 D) Example 4 reflects a very compound kind of code-switching. The Urdu stretch of words has been introduced by the English word ‘what’, but actually it is giving the emphasis on the Urdu adjective ‘payare†™.The use of ‘what’ has changed the syntactic structure and it seems that it has been used to focus on ‘payare insaan’. The grounding of ‘what’ has changed the word order of the sentence. One important thing worthwhile to mention here is that it seems harder to break up a congress clause/phrase than other lawsuits of subordination. It is instead problematic to have a relative pronoun from one language and the rest of the clause in the other. The code-switching data reported from other language pairs also show that switching between the relative pronoun and the clause that it introduces is rare. Nortier 1990) almostly, the English adjectives are necessarily uninflected. They undergo no geomorphological changes with the variations in the nouns they qualify. However, in Pakistani English, Urdu adjectives, sometimes, may be inflected consort to the rules of Urdu grammar because of number and gender as in the above example. For example: Pay ara (lovely) is an inflected adjective e. g. Payara larka (lovely boy), Payari larki (lovely girl), Payare insaan (lovely people). Prepositional phrase Urdu has a postposition rather of English preposition, which differs in the way that it precedes objects.A embodied term used for both(prenominal) preposition and postposition is adposition. In typical Urdu adposition phrases, adposition comes at the end. An Urdu postposition phrase is syntactically inserted in English syntax in the following example: 1. Both of them solid â€Å"Khuda key fazal sey” (By the grace of God) while Shazia became paraplegic. (January 08, 2006 D) It is very interesting to note that the Urdu postposition phrase occurs at the same position where its English equivalent could have been. Verbal phrase A verb phrase is a word or a group of words that does not have a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of a verb.In Urdu language, auxiliaries occur after the main verb in contrast with Eng lish where auxiliaries occur in the first place the main verb. Urdu verb phrases occur very seldom in Pakistani English because they have to undergo a complex morphological change as compared to noun phrases. However, sometimes an Urdu oral phrase is also inserted in English syntax. Here is an example of the use of an Urdu verb phrase: 1. My colleagues kept worrying that piracy ho rahi hay (is going on) we should stop it; I kept saying, â€Å"hooney do”. (let it be) (September 11, 2005 D) ho rahi hai ain verb Progressive form auxiliary The above-named data and examples suggest that Urdu phrases are much used in Pakistani English and its occurrences at various positions in a sentence seem to be quite a appropriate. Urdu phrases obey the rules of English grammar everywhere in the sentences. After analyzing intra-sentential code-switching at the level of phrase, now we want to turn to inter-sentential code-switching in Pakistani English. The next section begins with ‘ inter-clausal code switching’. Inter-clausal code-switching:As mentioned earlier, code-switching occurring at the sentence level is called inter-sentential code-switching. The term â€Å"inter-clausal code-switching” is used to refer to switches occurring at the clause boundaries. In the present data, switched Urdu clauses can include a organise clause, a inhibit clause or a clause/phrase introduced by an English adverb. Urdu clauses that are coordinated with an English clause through the use of coordinating sexual union are classified as coordinated clauses. Urdu place clauses are also used with main English clause.We can mold the English confederate clause with Urdu main clause as well. Mostly, an English suppress clause gives a warning or advice about the consequences of an action or attitude. It is comparatively common in Pakistani English that Urdu proverbs and maxims occur at the periphery of an English clause. There are also switched Urdu honorable claus es that are syntactically unconditional of the preliminary English clause, although there is still thematic coherence in terms of their reference and actions. The data exemplified in the following sections leave reveal how different types of Urdu clauses are used in Pakistani English.Co-ordinated Clauses: In Pakistani English, co-ordinated clauses are spousal relationshiped by English as well as Urdu participations. However Urdu conjunctions do not occur quite patronisely. A conjunction that often conjoins the English clauses to the Urdu adjacent clauses is â€Å"and”. Here is an example of the use of the English coordinating conjunction: 1. why dress’t we all go to absorbher to spick-and-span Delhi? N1 ki shaddi ki shopping bhi ho jaye gi (There volition be shopping of N1’s wedding) and we can have much fun. (June 20, 2005 D) As can be seen in the above example, there is switching here back and forth between English and Urdu.An Urdu clause is embedded in English and English is taken up again. In the following example, an Urdu conjunction â€Å"leykin” (but) is inserted in the English sentence. The reason for the use of Urdu conjunction in Pakistani English is directionality of code-switching, because most of the times, switched Urdu clauses follow the English main clause. This Urdu conjunction has a pragmatic effect as a discourse marker in drawing precaution to the utterance. 1. We reached there in time, lakin no body was there to receive us. (Spoken English) In Nortier’s Moroccan Arabic/Dutch code-switching data (1990), the Arabic onjunction â€Å"walikan” (but) is also most frequent and is the one that conjoins two clauses that are both in another language. Taking a discourse marker from another language has a pragmatic effect on the whole utterance. Another interesting feature of Pakistani English that has been found as a result of Urdu-English code-switching is the use of an unaffiliated Urdu clause or sentence with English in written as well as verbalise English. Here are three examples where Urdu clauses are syntactically independent; however, they share a semantic relationship with each other: 1.Very soon, I will be a big star in Bollywood, main naumeed nahin hougni. (I will not be disappointed) (July 16, 2006 D) 2. He is set to anaesthetize some very interesting films, which he describes as happy-go-lucky movies, aaj kal happy fims ka zamana hai. (Now-a-days people like happy movies) (December 11, 2005 D) 3. I cannot make new friends. Main buri, mairai dausti burai. (I am bad, knowledge with me is bad) That’s all (March 25, 2007 D) Subordinated clauses: Urdu marcherd clauses are also used in Pakistani English, which is a very important aspect of inter-sentential code-switching.The subordinate conjunction is not always in the language of the clause that it introduces. Both Urdu and English rate conjunctions are used to join main and subordinated clauses. We can clas sify this section to two main broad categories: 1. Urdu subordinate clauses with an English main clause 2. English subordinate clauses with a Urdu main clause Firstly, we will look at the occurrence of the Urdu subordinate clauses with an English main clause. Urdu subordinate clauses with an English main clause: Different Urdu subordinate clauses are embedded in the English sentences in Pakistani English.The following two kinds of Urdu subordinate clauses have been found in Pakistani English: 1. The noun clause 2. The adverb clause Noun clause: The data exemplified in this section will show that a noun clause is a subordinate clause that does the work of a noun in a complex sentence. It can be used in Pakistani English as: 1. The subject of a verb 2. The complement of a verb 3. The object of a preposition In the following example, the switched Urdu noun clause has been used as the subject of an English verb: 1. Sub kutch chalet hai is their dictum. (June 12, 2005 D) ‘All is ri ght’ is their dictum.Most of the times, a switched noun clause acts as a complement of an English verb. Here are some examples: 1. To underline the point he added is main science ki koi baat nahin hai. (December 25, 2005 D) To underline the point he added there is nothing scientific in this. 2. He got all mixed up and asked acha aap begum commondo hai. (October 30, 2005 D) He got all mixed up and asked well. You are Mrs. reign overo. 3. I get looks from them all and a couple said aap aagay aa jain. (October 09, 2006 D) I get looks from them all and a couple said you come in front please. 4. She couldn’t resist the bohat aachi movie hai. May 29, 2005 D) She couldn’t resist it’s the very ruff movie. In the examples below, the switched Urdu clause has been used as an object of an English preposition. 1. No one at the CCB was willing to say anything miss that is ka order ooper se aya hai. (May 07, 2006 D) 2. No one at the CCB was willing to say anything u nless that we have orders from our seniors. 3. As they glum to me, I shrugged my shoulder with a ‘Bhai dekh lo, I am not carrying you purse’ (November 2006 H) 4. As they turned to me, I shrugged my shoulder with a brother you can see; I am not carrying you purse.Sometimes, it’s very interesting to note the use of an Urdu noun clause as a complement of a verb of incomplete predication. 1. The whole thing is that key bhaiya sab se bada rupaiya. (February 12, 2006 D) The whole thing is that bother, money is all. Adverb clause: As we have seen through the above examples that the noun clause acts as a noun in complex sentences, in the same way the function of an adverb clause is that of an adverb in complex sentences. In the following example, an Urdu adverb conditional clause has been embedded in the English sentence.However, the Urdu subordinate clause precedes the English main clause. The range conjunction is in Urdu, whereas the clause that follows it is in Engl ish: 1. Aap ko kissi cheez sey strings ketney hoon, to its shell to run from it. (June 26, 2005 D) If you want to cut the cord off, thus its best to run from it. English subordinate clauses with Urdu main clause: In some cases, English clause is subordinate to an Urdu main clause. In the following example the English noun clause is joined with the Urdu main clause through the English subordinating conjunction â€Å"that”. 1.Mujhe shikayat hai that we are not devising history. (July 31, 2005 D) I have a direction that we are not making history. In the example below, the English conditional clause is subordinate to the Urdu main clause. In this example, the English subordinate clause precedes the Urdu main clause: 1. The police asked both of us to subside things between ourselves. Because if it becomes court case, then mamla lamba ho jaiga. (February 19, 2006 D) The police asked both of us to settee things between ourselves. Because if it becomes a court case, then it wil l be a extensive process. Repetitions and other switchesSometimes, Urdu phrases or clauses are used just as the repetition of an English phrase or clause. The purpose of this type of switching is to give emphasis. However, in spoken it is used to address different audiences. 1. maintain care, apna bahut khayal rakhiya ga. (December 18, 2005 D) 2. They shouted for his execution. Zen ko phansy do. (October 02, 2005 D) 3. Feroz was very drunk. Usko chad gayi thi. (May 07, 2006 D) 4. He thought that Geeta Bali was the daughter of a certain Dr. Bali,a dentist in Aligarh, who was ball over when one day, Sikandar asked him: Aap ki sahabzadi kaisi hain? (How’s your daughter? (November 2006 H) In some cases, Urdu clauses are used to quote maxim and proverb or some other person in Pakistani English. Here are some examples: 1. My unbending procrastination is one thing that repels the beauty of the world but they say ‘sabar ka phal meetha’ (patience has its reward) (Janu ary 22, 2006 D) 2. Talk about ‘lakkar hazam, pathar hazam’ (very powerful and digestive stomach), they deserve a batter deal, if only for their patience in eating much(prenominal) swill day after day. (October 2006 M) 3. He gave the example of the phrase â€Å"auratein bhot bolteen hain” (females are very talkative). August 07, 2005 D) 4. She was very touched and impressed, in particular when the waiter uttered these words ‘baaji, mehman sey paisay nahin letay (sister, we don’t charges from guests)’. (July 17, 2005 D) 5. She opened the Q and A academic session by saying ‘aab court aap ki ball main hai’ (Now all depends on you). (May 29,2005 D) Conclusion The data and examples presented in this paper demonstrate that code-switching affects Pakistani English at the phrase and clause level and Pakistani English has its unique features. This paper has shown the variations in English syntax when it is used in a non-native context i. . Pakistan. This paper shows that in code-switching many traces of native language can be observed on the foreign language. The grammatical usage of Urdu language on English is visible here in the above mentioned examples. Some linguists are of the conviction that there is no language that has not been under influence of another language. English is no exception in this regard. several(prenominal) changes are taking place in the English language. Isolated languages are seldom met in the global village. 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